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{17} [Chapter Keywords:] Jews from south, east and west. Wladyslaw Herman. Merchants who stayed. Ties with Germany and to the east. Jews in Kiev and Crimea. Pogrom in Kiev. Honoring Jews, Russia, Christianity and Jews. With the northerners. Foreigners in Russia. Daniel Romanovich. Gediminas. Brest Jewish goods burnt in Moscow in 1545. Communal sovereignty. Jargon [Yiddish]. The world of the inhabitants of Brisk. Megdeburg's rules/laws. Brisk and Troki. A delegation from Brisk.
Jews came to the Slavic lands from two sides: the south-east and west. The former belonged: Khazars, Krymchuki, Palestinian, Babylonian, Persian and Arabian and Egyptian, Moroccan etc. The Western Jews who lived in belonged to the Roman Empire, gone over to the other Romance and Germanic peoples, then to the Polish, and later (when Russia took over the board in the Slavic lands) were Jews (in these parts of the Slavic lands), even during the reign of Russian rulers.
Even before Wladyslaw Herman, Polish king (1080-1102), the German has authorized the persecuted Jews to settle in his land masses (Poland), a long time before in the Slavic lands left many Jews from passing merchants.
Jews their trade circular linked by many states. Transported back and forth different goods. Germany was associated with the two sides, on the part of western Poland and north through the city of Novgorod (closer to Russia) and Turkey to the east and all Polish Jews were such trade almost to the last time (1).
Thus, we find Jewish residents in Kiev, in the XI and XII. (Kiev was then a center of commerce and warehouse eastern and southern goods). In Crimea also (2) the Jewish colonies flourished. All these and the newly arrived
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(1) Kraushaar. Jacob Franc.
(2) Ilovajskij. History of Russia
{18} Jews settle in many cities Polyanskih, as well as relatives and Lithuanian, Polesian. Path merchants from the south and west of the rivers was: Vistula, Bug, Mukhavets, Pripyat, Dnieper and others along the rivers met, mixed, selyas together in some cities. Hence, in such places blend of eastern and western Jews, a mixture of languages, rituals and of family names, a mixture of local and alien.
On-site first jetties and dnevok merchants erected city: So the Jews in the face of the merchants were the founders of many cities: Brest was one of them. And when the Russian princes and began to rule in such cities, Jews were still there, although Russian for centuries treated the Jews hated. They (rulers) obeyed first people.
And the multitude of the Jews worshiped. And sometimes even his wild impulses and techniques in relation to the Jews, show honor. In Kiev crushed the Jews in 1113, when Vladimir Monomakh not wanted to come to Kiev to reign. Boomers (according to legend, Solovyov) said: if you do not come, much evil will plunder, not one Putyatin yard, constables and the Jews, and the widow will get (in short, all important, etc.). Perhaps that thugs were not Slavic, relaxing origin.
Russian rule and the introduction of Christianity in general worsened the situation of the Jews. First belonged to the hated Jews of Eastern (Orthodox) church, and 3-4 century and also in the face of the Catholic Jesuits. With the introduction of Christianity to Russia Polyana, Jews get contemptuous name of “the Jews.” Little by little pass from honor to humiliation. And although people limp in the new religion, was also weak in the feelings of hatred towards the Jews, but the attitude of the Russian government and the efforts of Orthodox clergy had contributed little to strengthen hatred.
To seryanam penetrated few Jews, despite the relationship with the German Novgorod, Khazar, and other merchants, among whom were Jews. Russian treated hated everything foreign, to whom the doors were locked.
Tatar defeat stopped the development of the Jewish colony in the south. But the tide of Jews intensified in the west due to persecution and the Crusades in Germany.
Russian Jews are not suffering as everything foreign, did not give them the right of residence. Daniel Romanovich (Galician and yet Prince Brest), after the departure of Tatars devastated land, wanting to inhabit again and renew the city, called trade representatives, Germans, Jews and Armenians in their land and give them some benefits. The city flourished again. Among these cities was and Brest (on the harvested {19} Daniel order all corpses left after the destruction of the city by the Tatars. But Daniel was already closer spirit of the Polish population, which is a lot of it is influenced by (1).
Lithuanian Gediminas also encourages merchants and artisans, as well as between them and the Jews. But all these lands close to Poland, or included in its composition. The farther the same from her land with Russian rule did not let the Jews.
In Russia Moscow Jew Zechariah brought from Kiev Jewish heresy, for which execution began. Moscow ambassador, the question of the Polish government, why do not let Jews in Moscow, gave an explanation that Jews bring prohibited goods without even the right to enter there (2). Jewish merchants from Lithuania went sometimes for trade in Smolensk, but did not live there permanently.
About 1545 in Moscow were burned goods brought there by Jewish merchants from Brest. (3)
However, Ivan the Terrible was the personal physician Jew doctor Lyon (4) (which incidentally was executed for clumsy treatment). In Peter the Great was a Jew translator (5) But none of the rights of Russian Jews were not given, except some temporary trade rules.
Completely different attitude towards Jews Polish rulers. They not only allowed Jews to settle the masses (and not the masses, travel merchants, from time immemorial), but allowed the Jewish community management (kehila). With this device , the Jews could properly settle in Poland, arranging all necessary for the administration of all Jewish worship and perform Jewish rituals. Since that time were not considered a drive through a permanent population , citizens of the state. City so filled with Jews who, being already in a significant number with the German jargon, as the natives there, its not replace those good grafted Slavic dialect.
Brest-based Jews, more populated with the establishment of an open community, with prayer houses, a rabbi, a carver of cattle, etc.
Perhaps this was not the taste of the population
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(1) Daniel Pope promised to join the Orthodox and the Catholic Church. Ilovajskij, Essays on Russian history, page 51.
(2) History of the Jews, Dubnov.
(3) Ibid.
(4) The Jewish doctors at the Russian court, Novj 1882 (?).
(5) Russian archive of life in Russia.
{20} of Brest, which was imbued with Russian policy (1), but this part was small.
Wladyslaw I Herman (Polish king 1080-1102) first allowed the Jews, persecuted in Germany, to settle in his land masses (within Poland in Brest lands). But the community had not yet been officially allowed Jews. Brest had more open community board.
Boleslaw V The Pious (Polish), favoring the Polish Jews, gave them in 1264 in Kalisz privileges, civil rights, and others. Polish king Casimir the Great confirmed these rights in 1334 for Jews Great and Little Poland, and in 1337 for the Jews of Galicia and Volyn.
In 1366 Brest was taken by Casimir and since then Brest Jews enjoyed the rights given to them by the Polish kings and lived quietly and safely.
In 1386 Poland was united with Lithuania. To the throne of the Polish-Lithuanian ascended Wladyslaw Jagiello, marrying Jadwiga, heir to the Polish throne. Jagiello established in Lithuania Magdeburg law and thus restricted the rights of Jews.
Brest was already the main city of the Jewish population. Were at that time, and other cities in Lithuania and Volhynia (as in Poland) with the Jewish population (Talmudic's and Karaite's) as Troki (then Lutsk, Pinsk, Grodno, Vilna, Kobrin, etc.) but the Brest and Troki were first cities with Jewish communities in Lithuania and Volhynia.
In 1388 a deputation from the Jews of Brest and Troki seems Witold, governor of Poland in Lithuania, begging him to confirm them privileges given to them by Boleslaw and Kazimierz. Witold agreed and in 1388 was given to them first (Brest's and Trok's Jews) in Lutsk privilege, and then another and Volyn Lithuanian Jews.
This delegation shows that the Jewish community of Brest was the first and honorable, and that pushed it from its environment active, enterprising and courageous people.
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1) Kharkevich in his essay On the monument to Suvorov on the battlefield Brest, for some reason, says among other things: Switched from Poland to Lithuania and the Jews. The first item was a landmark for them Brest. All this (sic!), taken together again caused excitement (?) Popularly (Brest). Send distemper, Rebellion, etc. (Harkevit kanitanom served in the Brest-Litovsk fortress. Construction of the same monument Kharkevich sacrifice gave Brest residents, contractors: Temkin, Rogozhik and Levengarts). Ilovajskij (Russian history) said: By the inclination to the Jews of Polish kings not a little contributed to their personal physician. Also recalls the story of Casimir and Esterki. Other more acute and more poignantly for their fathers say.
